Break Statement in Java with Examples

The break statement in Java is a powerful control flow statement used to exit a loop or switch block immediately before its normal termination condition becomes false. Once the break statement executes in the program:

• Control jumps outside the loop or switch block.
• Remaining statements inside the block are skipped.

Java supports two types of break statement:

• Unlabeled break
• Labeled break

Basic Syntax of Break Statement in Java

The break statement in Java has a very simple syntax, but its behavior depends on where it is used.

Syntax 1: Unlabeled Break Statement

break;

In the above syntax of unlabeled break statement:

• The keyword break is written in lowercase. It does not take any argument.
• It is used inside:
  • for loop
  • while loop
  • do-while loop
  • switch statement
• When break statement executed within the block:
  • The current loop or switch block terminates immediately.
  • Program control moves to the next statement after the loop or switch.
• Mostly used when a specific condition is met and no further execution is required.

Syntax 2: Labeled Break Statement

break labelName;

In the above syntax:

• labelName is a user-defined identifier, which must be defined before the loop statement.
• The break statement with labelName is mainly used with nested loops.
• When it is executed inside the loops:
  • Terminates the loop associated with the given label.
  • Control jumps directly outside the labeled block.

Syntax of Label Declaration

labelName:
loop_statement {
    // code
}

In the above syntax:

• The label ends with a colon (:).
• Labels can be applied only to loops and blocks.
• It improves control flow in deeply nested structures.

Where Can We Use the Break Statement?

The break statement is mainly used in:

• for loop
• while loop
• do-while loop
• switch statement
• Nested loops (with labels)

Basic Example of Break Statement

Let us some important example programs based on using break statement in Java

Example 1: Using Break in for Loop

package breakPrograms;
public class BreakForLoop {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
      for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
         if (i == 3) {
               break;
         }
         System.out.println(i);
      }
    }
}

Output:

1
2

In this example:

• The loop starts from the counter variable i = 1.
• When the value of i becomes 3, the break statement executes.
• The loop terminates immediately and numbers 3, 4, and 5 are not printed on the console.

Example 2: Using Break in while Loop

public class BreakWhileLoop {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       int i = 1;
       while (i <= 5) {
          if (i == 4) {
              break;
          }
          System.out.println(i);
          i++;
       }
    }
}

Output:

1
2
3

In this example:

• The counter variable i is set to 1. Therefore, the loop starts from i = 1 and executes as long as i <= 5.
• When the value of i == 4, break statement executes and stops the loop for further execution.
• The program control moves outside the loop and remaining iterations are skipped.

Example 3: Using Break in do-while Loop

public class BreakDoWhile {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       int i = 1;
       do {
          if (i == 2) {
              break;
          }
          System.out.println(i);
          i++;
       } while (i <= 5);
    }
}

Output:

1

In this example:

• The do-while loop executes at least once.
• When the value of i == 2, the break statement terminates the loop and stops even though condition is still true.

Example 4: Using Break in Switch Case

public class BreakSwitch {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       int number = 2;
       switch (number) {
            case 1:
                System.out.println("One");
                break;
            case 2:
                System.out.println("Two");
                break;
            case 3:
                System.out.println("Three");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("Invalid number");
        }
    }
}

Output:

Two

In this example:

• Since the value of number is 2, matching case 2 executes.
• The break statement prevents execution of other cases.
• Without break, fall-through would occur in the program.

Example 5: Labeled Break in Nested Loops

public class LabeledBreak {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        outerLoop:
        for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
            for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
                if (j == 2) {
                    break outerLoop;
                }
                System.out.println(i + " " + j);
            }
        }
    }
}

Output:

1 1

In this example:

• The outerLoop is a label for the outer loop.
• When the value of j == 2, the break outerLoop executes.
• Both inner and outer loops terminate and the program control jumps outside the labeled loop.

Error Coding Examples

Example 1:

public void invalidBreak() {
    if (true) {
        break; // COMPILE ERROR: break outside loop or switch
    }
}

The compile-time error occurs because break statement can only be used within loops or switch statements.

Example 2:

int value = 1;
switch (value) {
    case 1:
        System.out.println("One");
        // Missing break here causes fall-through
    case 2:
        System.out.println("Two");
        break;
}
// Output: One Two (unexpected fall-through)

This is common error when break statement is missing and causes unintentional fall-through behavior. So, you should always include break statement unless fall-through is intentional.

Best Practices for Using Break Statement

There are the following key points for using break statement that you should keep in mind. They are:

• You should use the break statement for natural loop termination when possible.
• Always use meaningful names for labels, such as searchLoop, matrixIteration, etc.
• Always try to avoid deep nesting. If you need labeled breaks frequently, consider refactoring.
• Comment when omitting break in switch is deliberate.
• Avoid overusing labeled break.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

References for Java Tutorials:

• https://www.helpareporter.com/journalist/deepak-gupta
• https://dirstop.com/story27037639/top-java-interview-questions-for-selenium
• https://digg.com/@scientecheasy
• https://in.pinterest.com/infitechx/